Business
What Climate Produces the Strongest Weed with the Highest THC and CBD Content?
What region grows the the weed with the highest THC and CBD Content?
The cannabis plant contains about 450 chemical components, including terpenes, phenols, fatty acids, amino acids, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, etc. The two main classes of these are terpenoids and cannabinoids. Numerous cannabis plant strains contain more than 104 cannabinoids. However, the most notable examples are plants used as drugs, specifically 9-THC and 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (9-THCA). Conversely, fiber-type plants are known to contain cannabinoid acids primarily, like cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and cannabidiol acid (CBDA) and their decarboxylated forms, like canna (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD).
The popular cannabinoids CBD and THC are the decarboxylation end products of CBDA and THCA, respectively. These cannabinoids have become quite popular thanks to their psychoactive effects and medicinal benefits. To better understand these cannabinoids, Turkish researchers looked into the cannabinoid content of various cannabis strains grown in different climatic zones under various supercritical extraction conditions.
To identify the variations, they examined plants from four distinct geographical areas in Turkey and conducted extractions at two distinct pressures and temperatures. According to the Turkish researchers, the new study results are the first to demonstrate how diverse climatic conditions affect the yield of CBD and THC in distinct cannabis strains.
About the Study
Before planting, the researchers collected four different cannabis seeds. Three of them are fairly popular, but the last one is the first national and domestic seed strain known as “Narl.” Two seeds are from Konya: Papatya and Elnur. The others; are Gökçeaaç from Ankara and Narl from Samsun. As of the end of 2019, Narl was formally registered.
The seedlings were cultivated in four different climate regions in Konya, Turkey. The seeds were planted in the Konya regions of Umra (June 18, 2019), Altnekin (June 13, 2019), Beyşehir (June 14, 2019), and Meram (June 18, 2019) on the designated days.
The central area is Meram. As a result of the higher prevalence of urbanization, this region experiences the highest average yearly temperature. Due to urbanization, humidity is also lower compared to other places. Beyşehir has high humidity and low temperatures since it features one of Turkey’s biggest lakes. The district experiences the most annual precipitation because of the lake.
The areas with the most significant agricultural lands are far away from the city in the regions of Altnekin and Umra, which have moderate temperatures but considerable humidity. In general, each region experiences a different impact of humidity and temperature on local conditions.
Harvesting took place 93 days after planting plants in the Altnekin region, 96 days after growing in both the Beyşehir region and the Meram region, and 104 days after planting in the Umra region. According to the locale, the harvested plants were maintained in a greenhouse without direct sunlight. The plants’ upper and bottom sections were switched at intervals while drying to avoid burning the plant, and they were constantly aired to inhibit mold growth.
The researchers hand-picked the cannabis plants to ensure the careful separation of leaves from their stems. Until the samples reached the grinding conditions, the leaves’ water content was determined using the Karl Fischer method. Using the Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) method, the flow rate of CO2 was maintained at 100 g/min. At the same time, various extraction parameters (temperature, pressure, and co-solvent impact) were examined for their effects on extraction yield and composition.
Result of the Study
The Papatya species grown in the Altnekin region had the highest THC content (90.82%) among the several cannabis strains grown in the various areas and extracted under SFE-verified conditions. This strain produces 3.71% CBD. The Papatya species grown in Altnekin has the second-highest THC output in the dry cannabis plant (5.41%), trailing only the Papatya strain cultivated in Beyşehir (6.14%).
Compared to other strains, the Elnur strain grown in Beyşehir has the second-highest THC ratio (58.22%). This strain has a CBD concentration of 3.29%. This species’ dry cannabis plant extract yield is 4.14%. The Elnur strain, also grown in the Altnekin region, has a THC content of 53.76 percent, and its CBD content is 2.59%. The Papatya species grown in the Beyşehir region (CBD 2.25% and THC 52.16%) was the fourth-ranked strain as regards yield from the strains extracted using SFE after HPLC analysis. With a yield of 6.14%, the Papatya species of the dry cannabis plant, grown in the Beyşehir area, has the most significant output.
When ranked according to yield, the top four strains are two papatya strains and two elnur strains. Beyşehir and Altnekin are the top two cultivating regions, coming in the first four regions. When the locations are compared in terms of their meteorological conditions, the researchers noted that Beyşehir had the most rainfall (1690 mm) during the planting season of 2019 and that the Altnekin region came in second (1070 mm). These two places are also the most humid region when measured by the humidity metric (59.11% and 59.93%, respectively). They are among the less dry locations regarding temperature (13.49 °C and 13.42 °C).
Cannabis can adapt to a wide range of climate conditions. It is a plant that has spread from a warm temperature zone to a subtropical climate zone. While the cannabis plant requires a high need for pre-planting rains, It can grow quickly in humid and arid climates if watered. High humidity and drought also both hasten the growth of cannabis plants. From this vantage point, the two regions (Altnekin and Beyşehir) with the highest yield among those cultivated meet this criterion the best. In terms of the association between climate and the results, the research is consistent.
Conclusion
This study involved the SFE of four cannabis plant strains cultivated in four distinct climate zones. The highest yields of CBD and THC were obtained at 2 hours of conditions of 33 MPa,40 °C, and 2.0 wt% ethanol co-solvent. The characteristic that seemed to affect the extraction yield the most was pressure.
Additionally, it was discovered that the cannabis grown in areas with higher relative humidity, lower temperatures, and more rain had higher yields. Although this work emphasizes the subject to some extent, more research with cannabis strains grown in diverse geographic locations under varied pressure and temperature values is needed to understand and perfect the extraction yield for SFE fully.
Business
Jio’s 1,600-Satellite LEO Constellation Gets Technical Green Light
Reliance Jio has crossed a significant milestone in its space connectivity ambitions after its proposal to deploy a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation of around 1,600 satellites received a positive technical assessment from the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe).
The evaluation, conducted jointly by IN-SPACe, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) wing of the Department of Telecommunications, reportedly concluded that Jio’s proposed system meets the required technical standards and is comparable to leading global satellite broadband networks.
India’s Indigenous LEO Satellite Vision
Under the proposal, Reliance Jio plans to deploy between 1,600 and 1,650 satellites in Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of around 650 kilometres.
The planned constellation is expected to provide high-speed satellite connectivity across India, with approximately 32 satellites visible from any location at a given time. The company aims to roll out the network within the next two to three years, subject to regulatory approvals.
According to industry estimates, the satellite system could deliver 4.5 to 5 terabits per second (Tbps) of total data capacity, making it one of the largest satellite broadband projects proposed in India.
The project is expected to require an investment of $10–15 billion (approximately ₹95,000 crore to ₹1.42 lakh crore), reflecting the scale of infrastructure needed for satellite manufacturing, launches, ground stations, and user terminals.
Regulatory Process Moves Forward
Following the successful technical review, the proposal is expected to move into the next phase of regulatory approvals.
The government may now assist Jio in securing orbital slots, coordinating spectrum usage, and filing applications with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the global body responsible for managing satellite orbit and frequency allocations.
Obtaining orbital rights remains a critical step, as Low Earth Orbit has become increasingly competitive due to the growing number of satellite broadband projects being planned worldwide.
Officials also indicated that the proposed satellite architecture has been designed to coexist with future Indian LEO constellations, allowing multiple domestic operators to share orbital resources efficiently.
Broadband, Mobile Connectivity, and Strategic Applications
Jio plans to use the satellite network to provide a range of communication services, including satellite broadband, mobile backhaul, enterprise connectivity, and direct-to-device (D2D) satellite communication, particularly in remote and underserved regions where conventional telecom infrastructure is limited.
The company also intends to establish 20 to 22 ground stations across India to support network operations.
Apart from commercial telecommunications, officials have highlighted the project’s potential strategic importance. A domestically developed satellite constellation could strengthen India’s communication infrastructure, reduce dependence on foreign satellite operators, and support national security requirements.
Reports suggest preliminary discussions are underway regarding the possibility of integrating defence-related payloads into some satellites, enabling both civilian and strategic use.
Major Step for India’s Space and Telecom Sectors
Industry analysts view the technical clearance as an important milestone in India’s expanding private space ecosystem. If Jio secures the remaining regulatory approvals and international orbital clearances, the project could become the country’s first large-scale indigenous LEO satellite broadband network.
The initiative also aligns with India’s broader efforts to expand digital connectivity while strengthening its presence in the global satellite communications market.
Business
Alleged Crores Pharma Scam Mastermind Arrested from Surat
After evading law enforcement for nearly 13 years, an accused linked to a large-scale pharmaceutical fraud case has been arrested by Delhi Police from Surat, Gujarat. The suspect is alleged to have orchestrated a series of financial scams involving fake identities, forged documents, and dishonoured cheques used to procure high-value pharmaceutical raw materials.
Authorities say the accused, identified as Himmat Singh Lodha, is believed to have defrauded multiple pharmaceutical companies in Delhi of goods worth approximately ₹98 lakh before disappearing and remaining underground for years.
Fake Business Deals and Dishonoured Cheques Used in Fraud
Investigators claim the accused posed as a legitimate pharmaceutical trader and placed bulk orders for expensive drug ingredients, offering post-dated cheques as payment security.
In one documented case from 2013, he allegedly obtained around 550 kilograms of Gliclazide, a diabetes-related pharmaceutical ingredient, valued at over ₹26 lakh. When suppliers attempted to encash the cheques, they were reportedly returned with the remark “account closed.”
Following the transaction, the accused allegedly vacated his office and rented residence and disappeared without settling payments. He was later declared a proclaimed offender in 2016 after repeatedly failing to appear before court proceedings. Authorities had also issued a reward for information leading to his arrest.
Multiple Identities and Repeated Fraud Pattern
Police investigations further link the accused to another cheating case dating back to 2012, where he allegedly used a fake identity, “Kailash Jain,” to obtain a large consignment of Ambroxol HCL, a pharmaceutical compound used in cough medications. The value of that consignment was estimated at around ₹72 lakh.
Officials believe the accused followed a consistent modus operandi—posing as a credible businessman, securing high-value goods on deferred payment terms, and then disappearing after delivery while shutting down business operations.
Investigators suspect that forged business records, fake company credentials, and fabricated financial histories were used to build trust with suppliers and gain access to expensive raw materials.
Multi-State Surveillance Leads to Arrest in Surat
A special Crime Branch team tracked the accused through coordinated surveillance efforts across multiple cities, including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Surat. After nearly a month of technical monitoring and intelligence gathering, officials located and arrested him from a residential area in Surat.
Authorities also revealed that the accused had been involved in property-related activities while staying under the radar to avoid detection.
Growing Threat of Corporate Identity Fraud
The case highlights a rising trend of organised financial fraud targeting industries that rely heavily on trust-based transactions and deferred payments. Experts note that criminals increasingly exploit gaps in corporate verification systems by using fake GST registrations, temporary offices, and forged documentation to appear legitimate.
Cybercrime and financial fraud specialists warn that such schemes are becoming more complex with the widespread availability of digital business tools, making it easier to create convincing but fraudulent corporate identities.
Experts Urge Stronger Due Diligence in High-Value Transactions
Experts, including former IPS officer and cybercrime specialist Prof. Triveni Singh, emphasize the need for stricter verification procedures in commercial dealings. He noted that relying solely on paperwork or digital business profiles can expose companies to significant financial risk.
Authorities and industry experts recommend physical verification of business operations, bank account validation, and detailed background checks before engaging in high-value or deferred-payment transactions—particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, where single consignments can involve transactions worth crores.
Business
EU Pressure Builds on Google as Regulators Face Calls for Massive Fine Over Search Practices
A growing coalition of European industry groups is intensifying pressure on regulators to take decisive action against Google over allegations of unfair search practices that could reshape competition rules across the region’s digital economy.
Investigation Under Digital Markets Act Gains Momentum
The case is being examined by the European Commission under the European Union’s landmark Digital Markets Act (DMA), introduced to curb the dominance of major technology platforms and ensure fair competition.
Launched in March 2024, the investigation focuses on whether Google has been prioritising its own services in search results, potentially disadvantaging rival businesses that rely on online visibility to reach customers.
Industry Groups Demand Swift Action
Several prominent European organizations have jointly urged regulators to conclude the probe without further delay. They argue that prolonged investigations allow alleged anti-competitive practices to continue, putting European companies—especially startups—at a disadvantage.
Signatories include the European Publishers Council, the European Magazine Media Association, the European Tech Alliance, and EU Travel Tech.
In a joint statement, these groups warned that delays in enforcement are affecting innovation, profitability, and growth prospects for regional businesses competing in digital markets.
Google Denies Allegations
Google has rejected claims of bias, stating that its search algorithms are designed to deliver the most relevant and useful results to users. The company has also proposed adjustments to address regulatory concerns.
However, critics argue that these changes are insufficient and fail to address the core issue of market dominance.
Potential Billion-Euro Penalties
If found in violation of the DMA, Google could face significant financial penalties. Under EU rules, fines can reach a substantial percentage of a company’s global turnover, potentially amounting to billions of euros.
Regulators may also impose corrective measures requiring changes to business practices, which could have long-term implications for how digital platforms operate in Europe.
Wider Implications for Big Tech
The case highlights ongoing tensions between European regulators and major U.S. technology firms. In recent years, the EU has taken a more aggressive stance in enforcing competition laws, aiming to create a level playing field for local businesses.
A final ruling against Google could set a major precedent, influencing future enforcement actions and shaping the regulatory landscape for global tech companies operating within Europe.
As scrutiny intensifies, the outcome of the investigation is expected to play a critical role in defining the future of digital competition across the European Union.
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