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Experts sound alarm over global spread of dangerous marijuana viroid

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The dangerous and infectious hop latent viroid that’s been on the radar of many marijuana growers since its discovery in 2018 has spread beyond North America and is threatening to spiral out of control and cause billions of dollars in industry losses, experts are warning.

Researchers are calling the viroid – which is surfacing across the world – “a hidden threat” and the “biggest concern for cannabis and hop growers worldwide.”

“It’s an all-out crisis,” said Av Singh, a Canadian cannabis cultivation adviser also working as the chief science officer of Green Gorilla, a Malibu, California-based manufacturer and online retailer of hemp-derived CBD oils, topicals and pet products.

“I think we’re not recognizing how big of a crisis it is.”

Zamir Punja, a professor of plant biology for Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, said hop latent viroid (HpLVd) is the No. 1 plant pathogen that the cannabis industry needs to be concerned about.

“You can’t adjust anything, such as environmental controls, to fight it,” Punja said. “It’s either there or it’s not.

“And once it’s there, and it’s not recognized, then you just automatically spread it.”

Growers can take preventive steps to curb the spread of the viroid, which can be transmitted from plant to plant through a variety of ways, according to experts.

But it’s hard to stop and might never be eliminated, experts said.

Oussama Badad, co-founder and chief scientific officer of Growmics, a plant research company in Carbondale, Illinois, said the viroid “remains a mystery.”

“The problem is the cannabis industry for the past 20 years at least was based on clones only,” Badad said.

“So everybody is shipping clones from here to there, and nobody was testing, or nobody was aware of any methodology to test for this virus.

“What we did was basically spread it all over the planet. Anybody receiving any plants from the United States, especially from California, has the viroid in their grow.”

Small and stealthy

Experts warned the viroid is stealthy. It’s also very small, asymptomatic and waiting for an opportunity to infect a plant.

The most likely form of transmission is from the everyday trim tools used for vegetative propagation and grafting or human hands.

When the viroid attacks, the plant pathogen moves quickly from the roots to the leaves to the flower in two to three weeks, Punja said.

It is most problematic in hydroponics – rather than outdoor grows – because the viroid can move through water and more easily infect roots that tend to be matted together.

Hop latent viroid doesn’t outright kill the plant.

But a grower can see an infected plant struggling to grow normally because the plant is shorter and the trichomes are underdeveloped or stunted.

The result: lower THC and CBD levels, which can drop as much as 40%.

“It’s almost like the plant just doesn’t have that energy to put into those trichomes,” Punja said.

It’s most noticeable when the plant flowers, Punja said.

He and other researchers suggest it’s that part of the growing cycle where the viroid might become more virulent, perhaps because of the stress the hydroponic plant is undergoing during the 12-hours-on, 12-hours-off lighting change that occurs during the flowering stage.

As a precaution, growers should have their plants tested, down to the roots, Punja said.

But even then, there are no assurances.

“Unfortunately, one test is not enough,” Punja said. “What we’re finding is that the first test will be negative.

“Three weeks later, again negative. Then three weeks later, positive.”

It’s unavoidable

The viroid is likely to be in the soil of grows, researchers said. It’s also in the water of a hydroponic grow. And it’s definitely in the roots.

In addition, the pathogen is in the seed, not on the seed. It also can spread to one’s hands as a grower handles plants, moves them, stacks them, hangs them.

Even one infected plant brushing up against another can transfer the viroid.

Any sort of sap-sucking insect that makes a hole in the plant, especially at the roots, can create a pathway to infection.

The insect itself does not carry the viroid from plant to plant, as far as researchers know now, Punja said.

The viroid also could be airborne. “Other viroids are,” Singh said. “So it may not be that big a stretch to say that it would be in the pollen.”

The viroid is likely to be present in most commercial licensed cannabis production facilities in the United States and Canada.

The frequency of infected plants is estimated to be in the range of 25%-50% in both countries, according to Punja.

Testing by clone cultivator Dark Heart Nursery on 100 cannabis growers in California from August 2018 to July 2021 found that one-third of plants in 90% of those grows were infected.

That finding supports projections that the viroid affects more than 30% of all cannabis plants in the United States.

“This translates into more than $4 billion in annual losses for U.S. growers who were expected to produce more than 7 million pounds of legal cannabis in 2021,” Jeremy Warren, director of plant science for Oakland-based Dark Heart, told MJBizDaily via email.

The viroid is believed to have been first identified at Glass House Farms, which has 5.5 million square feet of total cannabis greenhouse space in Ventura County, California.

Glass House cultivators noticed their plants looking stunted, with a lack of terpenes and cannabinoids, according to company President Graham Farrar, who said he began working with Phylos Bioscience, an Oregon-based cannabis biotech firm, and Dark Heart in 2017 to determine what was really going on.

“It’s actually hard to identify that it’s infected, because the plant looks fairly healthy,” Farrar said.

“If you have six plants and one of them is funky, you think it’s the plant.

“But when you have 10,000 plants, like in our facility, and they’re being fed the exact same nutrient recipe and it’s automated in the same greenhouse and it’s the same strain, then all of a sudden, 10% or 20% of your plants are not producing the way they should, you don’t just say, ‘That’s a bad plant.’

“You start kind of digging into it.”

An RNA sample from an infected plant from Farrar’s grow was examined in a lab, and sequenced, where the lab identified the genome matching the viroid.

“I’d be surprised if (the viroid) is something that ever is gone,” Farrar said. “I think it’s probably something that we’re going to have to live with.”

How to fight it

Help is on the way from multiple sources.

Dark Heart has developed a genetic test to differentiate infected plants from uninfected ones.

The company also helped develop a patent-pending cleaning process to eliminate the viroid from infected specimens.

The Dark Heart lab team has demonstrably eliminated the viroid in 31 strains so far, according to a news release.

In May 2021, Colorado-based Front Range Biosciences introduced a method of cleaning infected plants using tissue culture.

And last month,, Biomerieux, a French diagnostics solutions company, developed a kit to test for the presence of the viroid.

“The solution is good biosecurity SOPs (standard operating procedures) and testing,” Farrar said.

“The viroid is tough, and it is persistent. The latent part is both a blessing and a curse,” he continued. “Right now, it’s nice that it doesn’t wipe out an entire greenhouse.

“But the latent part also makes it particularly hard for testing. If there’s a hope to get rid of it, that would be CRISPR genetic engineering or using selective breeding to breed plants that are resistant to it. So that’s a potential down the road.”

For now, so-called “living soil” can work as a sort of health insurance, Singh said.

“You are trying to optimize the health of the plant. You may not necessarily get as high a yield. You may not get high potency.

“But you have a more robust plant that can definitely keep some of these viruses and viroids more latent or asymptomatic.”

Glass House would like to assist growers in dealing with this viroid crisis.

“I definitely think we’d like to help people get to the point where they can test at a frequency and at a cost that’s affordable,” Farrar said.

“I don’t know if we’ll ever be able to eradicate the viroid, but at least we can keep it at a very low level so that it doesn’t have a negative impact.”

Source: https://mjbizdaily.com/experts-sound-alarm-over-global-spread-of-cannabis-viroid/

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Jio’s 1,600-Satellite LEO Constellation Gets Technical Green Light

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Reliance Jio has crossed a significant milestone in its space connectivity ambitions after its proposal to deploy a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation of around 1,600 satellites received a positive technical assessment from the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe).

The evaluation, conducted jointly by IN-SPACe, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) wing of the Department of Telecommunications, reportedly concluded that Jio’s proposed system meets the required technical standards and is comparable to leading global satellite broadband networks.

India’s Indigenous LEO Satellite Vision

Under the proposal, Reliance Jio plans to deploy between 1,600 and 1,650 satellites in Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of around 650 kilometres.

The planned constellation is expected to provide high-speed satellite connectivity across India, with approximately 32 satellites visible from any location at a given time. The company aims to roll out the network within the next two to three years, subject to regulatory approvals.

According to industry estimates, the satellite system could deliver 4.5 to 5 terabits per second (Tbps) of total data capacity, making it one of the largest satellite broadband projects proposed in India.

The project is expected to require an investment of $10–15 billion (approximately ₹95,000 crore to ₹1.42 lakh crore), reflecting the scale of infrastructure needed for satellite manufacturing, launches, ground stations, and user terminals.

Regulatory Process Moves Forward

Following the successful technical review, the proposal is expected to move into the next phase of regulatory approvals.

The government may now assist Jio in securing orbital slots, coordinating spectrum usage, and filing applications with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the global body responsible for managing satellite orbit and frequency allocations.

Obtaining orbital rights remains a critical step, as Low Earth Orbit has become increasingly competitive due to the growing number of satellite broadband projects being planned worldwide.

Officials also indicated that the proposed satellite architecture has been designed to coexist with future Indian LEO constellations, allowing multiple domestic operators to share orbital resources efficiently.

Broadband, Mobile Connectivity, and Strategic Applications

Jio plans to use the satellite network to provide a range of communication services, including satellite broadband, mobile backhaul, enterprise connectivity, and direct-to-device (D2D) satellite communication, particularly in remote and underserved regions where conventional telecom infrastructure is limited.

The company also intends to establish 20 to 22 ground stations across India to support network operations.

Apart from commercial telecommunications, officials have highlighted the project’s potential strategic importance. A domestically developed satellite constellation could strengthen India’s communication infrastructure, reduce dependence on foreign satellite operators, and support national security requirements.

Reports suggest preliminary discussions are underway regarding the possibility of integrating defence-related payloads into some satellites, enabling both civilian and strategic use.

Major Step for India’s Space and Telecom Sectors

Industry analysts view the technical clearance as an important milestone in India’s expanding private space ecosystem. If Jio secures the remaining regulatory approvals and international orbital clearances, the project could become the country’s first large-scale indigenous LEO satellite broadband network.

The initiative also aligns with India’s broader efforts to expand digital connectivity while strengthening its presence in the global satellite communications market.

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Alleged Crores Pharma Scam Mastermind Arrested from Surat

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After evading law enforcement for nearly 13 years, an accused linked to a large-scale pharmaceutical fraud case has been arrested by Delhi Police from Surat, Gujarat. The suspect is alleged to have orchestrated a series of financial scams involving fake identities, forged documents, and dishonoured cheques used to procure high-value pharmaceutical raw materials.

Authorities say the accused, identified as Himmat Singh Lodha, is believed to have defrauded multiple pharmaceutical companies in Delhi of goods worth approximately ₹98 lakh before disappearing and remaining underground for years.

Fake Business Deals and Dishonoured Cheques Used in Fraud

Investigators claim the accused posed as a legitimate pharmaceutical trader and placed bulk orders for expensive drug ingredients, offering post-dated cheques as payment security.

In one documented case from 2013, he allegedly obtained around 550 kilograms of Gliclazide, a diabetes-related pharmaceutical ingredient, valued at over ₹26 lakh. When suppliers attempted to encash the cheques, they were reportedly returned with the remark “account closed.”

Following the transaction, the accused allegedly vacated his office and rented residence and disappeared without settling payments. He was later declared a proclaimed offender in 2016 after repeatedly failing to appear before court proceedings. Authorities had also issued a reward for information leading to his arrest.

Multiple Identities and Repeated Fraud Pattern

Police investigations further link the accused to another cheating case dating back to 2012, where he allegedly used a fake identity, “Kailash Jain,” to obtain a large consignment of Ambroxol HCL, a pharmaceutical compound used in cough medications. The value of that consignment was estimated at around ₹72 lakh.

Officials believe the accused followed a consistent modus operandi—posing as a credible businessman, securing high-value goods on deferred payment terms, and then disappearing after delivery while shutting down business operations.

Investigators suspect that forged business records, fake company credentials, and fabricated financial histories were used to build trust with suppliers and gain access to expensive raw materials.

Multi-State Surveillance Leads to Arrest in Surat

A special Crime Branch team tracked the accused through coordinated surveillance efforts across multiple cities, including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Surat. After nearly a month of technical monitoring and intelligence gathering, officials located and arrested him from a residential area in Surat.

Authorities also revealed that the accused had been involved in property-related activities while staying under the radar to avoid detection.

Growing Threat of Corporate Identity Fraud

The case highlights a rising trend of organised financial fraud targeting industries that rely heavily on trust-based transactions and deferred payments. Experts note that criminals increasingly exploit gaps in corporate verification systems by using fake GST registrations, temporary offices, and forged documentation to appear legitimate.

Cybercrime and financial fraud specialists warn that such schemes are becoming more complex with the widespread availability of digital business tools, making it easier to create convincing but fraudulent corporate identities.

Experts Urge Stronger Due Diligence in High-Value Transactions

Experts, including former IPS officer and cybercrime specialist Prof. Triveni Singh, emphasize the need for stricter verification procedures in commercial dealings. He noted that relying solely on paperwork or digital business profiles can expose companies to significant financial risk.

Authorities and industry experts recommend physical verification of business operations, bank account validation, and detailed background checks before engaging in high-value or deferred-payment transactions—particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, where single consignments can involve transactions worth crores.

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EU Pressure Builds on Google as Regulators Face Calls for Massive Fine Over Search Practices

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A growing coalition of European industry groups is intensifying pressure on regulators to take decisive action against Google over allegations of unfair search practices that could reshape competition rules across the region’s digital economy.

Investigation Under Digital Markets Act Gains Momentum

The case is being examined by the European Commission under the European Union’s landmark Digital Markets Act (DMA), introduced to curb the dominance of major technology platforms and ensure fair competition.

Launched in March 2024, the investigation focuses on whether Google has been prioritising its own services in search results, potentially disadvantaging rival businesses that rely on online visibility to reach customers.

Industry Groups Demand Swift Action

Several prominent European organizations have jointly urged regulators to conclude the probe without further delay. They argue that prolonged investigations allow alleged anti-competitive practices to continue, putting European companies—especially startups—at a disadvantage.

Signatories include the European Publishers Council, the European Magazine Media Association, the European Tech Alliance, and EU Travel Tech.

In a joint statement, these groups warned that delays in enforcement are affecting innovation, profitability, and growth prospects for regional businesses competing in digital markets.

Google Denies Allegations

Google has rejected claims of bias, stating that its search algorithms are designed to deliver the most relevant and useful results to users. The company has also proposed adjustments to address regulatory concerns.

However, critics argue that these changes are insufficient and fail to address the core issue of market dominance.

Potential Billion-Euro Penalties

If found in violation of the DMA, Google could face significant financial penalties. Under EU rules, fines can reach a substantial percentage of a company’s global turnover, potentially amounting to billions of euros.

Regulators may also impose corrective measures requiring changes to business practices, which could have long-term implications for how digital platforms operate in Europe.

Wider Implications for Big Tech

The case highlights ongoing tensions between European regulators and major U.S. technology firms. In recent years, the EU has taken a more aggressive stance in enforcing competition laws, aiming to create a level playing field for local businesses.

A final ruling against Google could set a major precedent, influencing future enforcement actions and shaping the regulatory landscape for global tech companies operating within Europe.

As scrutiny intensifies, the outcome of the investigation is expected to play a critical role in defining the future of digital competition across the European Union.

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