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Are All Hallucinogens Psychedelics and Are All Psychedelics Hallucinogens?

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Are all psychedelics hallucinogens and vice versa?

We are experiencing a period of change where previously prohibited and stigmatized substances are receiving favorable attention from the public. From ketamine to cannabis to magic mushrooms, the discourse has shifted from prohibition to determining the optimal ways to utilize these substances.  Our write up on the Bengzina Psychedelics show from Miami this year is a hot take, so check it out here.

However, it can be perplexing to differentiate between the terminologies, especially in psychedelics. For many, the question that needs an answer is every psychedelic a hallucinogen, and are all hallucinogens psychedelics? Keep reading to learn more.

Why Simplify Terminologies?

Before we delve into the nuances that differentiate “psychedelics” from “hallucinogens,” let’s ponder how ideas and terminologies often undergo simplification or distortion due to misunderstandings. Let’s face it, we’re not all experts in every field. When a news item gains widespread attention, it is often simplified to ensure that the general public can comprehend it, even if this means diluting or slightly altering its original definition.

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

As we have already established, simplifying ideas and confusing terms is a common practice to make concepts more accessible to a non-expert public. This notion raises the question of whether all hallucinogens can be regarded as psychedelics, especially in this modern era of drug acceptance. The term “psychedelics” is often attributed with meanings surpassing its definition.

Consider ketamine, which has gained significant prominence with the increasing popularity of psychedelic therapy. However, ketamine is not a psychedelic despite being referred to as one, even on websites offering ketamine services. This misnomer is not intended to be misleading but to simplify the language for better understanding without overwhelming the audience with complex categorical terms. In truth, ketamine is a dissociative hallucinogen.

Psychedelics are a class of psychoactive substances known for producing profound changes in consciousness, perception, and mood. These substances alter an individual’s sensory experiences, often inducing visual and auditory hallucinations, changes in time perception, and a sense of self-transcendence or ego dissolution. The term “psychedelic” was first coined in the 1950s by British psychiatrist Humphry Osmond, who used it to describe the mind-altering effects of certain substances.

“Psychedelics” exclusively refers to four compounds: DMT, psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD. Although they each have distinct modes of action, they share the common feature of being agonists at serotonin receptors, specifically 5-HT2A. This classification is based on their method of action. On the other hand, is ketamine a serotonergic drug? No, it isn’t. Dissociative hallucinogens, such as DXM and PCP, primarily affect dopamine and NMDA receptors, albeit with their unique actions.

The classification of ketamine as a hallucinogen is evident in its class name. This illustrates that ketamine can be categorized as a hallucinogen without being psychedelic, indicating that not all hallucinogens fall under the classification of psychedelics. In fact, the four compounds recognized as psychedelics are often referred to as “classical psychedelics,” a term coined to reclassify them in the face of growing confusion regarding the true meaning of psychedelic drugs.

What Are Hallucinogens?

Hallucinogens encompass various types of drugs that share the ability to induce an altered state of mind. Significant shifts in mood, thought, and perception of one’s surroundings and self are examples. After all, a hallucination is an experience of something false or altered in our perception. This can include sensing or tasting something that isn’t there or experiencing something otherwise as it ought to be.

The effects of hallucinogens can vary widely depending on the individual, the substance, and the dosage. Some users report euphoria, enhanced creativity, and spiritual experiences, while others may experience anxiety, paranoia, and other adverse psychological effects. In some cases, hallucinogen use can lead to a phenomenon known as a “bad trip,” in which the user experiences intense anxiety, confusion, or paranoia.

The classification structure generally divides hallucinogens into three types: psychedelics (DMT, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline), dissociatives (ketamine, DXM, PCP), and deliriants (datura, Benadryl). The final group significantly affects the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, distinguishing its mode of action from the other two groups.

The classification of hallucinogens is not a neat and tidy affair, and plenty of substances fall outside the standard groupings. For instance, take Amanita muscaria mushrooms. While classified as poisonous mushrooms, they can produce potent hallucinations and interact with GABA receptors. Additionally, substances like MDMA and 2C-B are often lumped in with psychedelics, but they belong to psychostimulants and phenethylamines, respectively. Despite this, they can still induce hallucinations.

And then there’s salvia, a member of the Lamiaceae mint family with no taxonomic classification for its hallucinogenic properties. Salvia is the only known diterpene hallucinogen, making it a distinctive member of the hallucinogen family. It shares some structural similarities with cannabis components but differs dramatically from them. Given that it doesn’t target the 5-HT2A receptors, often linked to traditional psychedelics, its mode of action is still relatively mysterious. Instead, it appears to engage D2 (dopamine) receptors and -opioid receptors. Despite having hallucinatory properties, it is not psychedelic.

One inference we can draw from this is that although not all hallucinogens fall under the category of psychedelics, all psychedelics are indeed hallucinogens, along with many other non-psychedelic drugs. The term “hallucinogens” encompasses a wide range of psychoactive substances that can induce altered states of perception, regardless of their specific chemical structure or mode of action.

Conclusion

The world of hallucinogens is complex and diverse, with many different substances and classifications. While the term “psychedelic” is often used interchangeably with “hallucinogen,” it’s essential to recognize that not all hallucinogens are psychedelics, and not all psychedelics are hallucinogens. The classical psychedelics, which include DMT, psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD, are characterized by their action on serotonin receptors, specifically 5-HT2A.

Other classes of hallucinogens include dissociatives, such as ketamine, DXM, and PCP, which primarily act on dopamine and NMDA receptors. Deliriants, such as Datura and Benadryl, significantly impact the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Other substances, like salvia and Amanita muscaria mushrooms, also produce hallucinogenic effects but don’t fit neatly into any category.

It’s worth noting that while the effects of hallucinogens can be profound and life-changing for some, they can also be unpredictable and potentially dangerous. Proper education, preparation, and harm reduction measures are crucial for anyone considering these substances.

Source: https://cannabis.net/blog/opinion/are-all-hallucinogens-psychedelics-and-are-all-psychedelics-hallucinogens

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Jio’s 1,600-Satellite LEO Constellation Gets Technical Green Light

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Reliance Jio has crossed a significant milestone in its space connectivity ambitions after its proposal to deploy a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation of around 1,600 satellites received a positive technical assessment from the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe).

The evaluation, conducted jointly by IN-SPACe, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) wing of the Department of Telecommunications, reportedly concluded that Jio’s proposed system meets the required technical standards and is comparable to leading global satellite broadband networks.

India’s Indigenous LEO Satellite Vision

Under the proposal, Reliance Jio plans to deploy between 1,600 and 1,650 satellites in Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of around 650 kilometres.

The planned constellation is expected to provide high-speed satellite connectivity across India, with approximately 32 satellites visible from any location at a given time. The company aims to roll out the network within the next two to three years, subject to regulatory approvals.

According to industry estimates, the satellite system could deliver 4.5 to 5 terabits per second (Tbps) of total data capacity, making it one of the largest satellite broadband projects proposed in India.

The project is expected to require an investment of $10–15 billion (approximately ₹95,000 crore to ₹1.42 lakh crore), reflecting the scale of infrastructure needed for satellite manufacturing, launches, ground stations, and user terminals.

Regulatory Process Moves Forward

Following the successful technical review, the proposal is expected to move into the next phase of regulatory approvals.

The government may now assist Jio in securing orbital slots, coordinating spectrum usage, and filing applications with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the global body responsible for managing satellite orbit and frequency allocations.

Obtaining orbital rights remains a critical step, as Low Earth Orbit has become increasingly competitive due to the growing number of satellite broadband projects being planned worldwide.

Officials also indicated that the proposed satellite architecture has been designed to coexist with future Indian LEO constellations, allowing multiple domestic operators to share orbital resources efficiently.

Broadband, Mobile Connectivity, and Strategic Applications

Jio plans to use the satellite network to provide a range of communication services, including satellite broadband, mobile backhaul, enterprise connectivity, and direct-to-device (D2D) satellite communication, particularly in remote and underserved regions where conventional telecom infrastructure is limited.

The company also intends to establish 20 to 22 ground stations across India to support network operations.

Apart from commercial telecommunications, officials have highlighted the project’s potential strategic importance. A domestically developed satellite constellation could strengthen India’s communication infrastructure, reduce dependence on foreign satellite operators, and support national security requirements.

Reports suggest preliminary discussions are underway regarding the possibility of integrating defence-related payloads into some satellites, enabling both civilian and strategic use.

Major Step for India’s Space and Telecom Sectors

Industry analysts view the technical clearance as an important milestone in India’s expanding private space ecosystem. If Jio secures the remaining regulatory approvals and international orbital clearances, the project could become the country’s first large-scale indigenous LEO satellite broadband network.

The initiative also aligns with India’s broader efforts to expand digital connectivity while strengthening its presence in the global satellite communications market.

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Alleged Crores Pharma Scam Mastermind Arrested from Surat

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After evading law enforcement for nearly 13 years, an accused linked to a large-scale pharmaceutical fraud case has been arrested by Delhi Police from Surat, Gujarat. The suspect is alleged to have orchestrated a series of financial scams involving fake identities, forged documents, and dishonoured cheques used to procure high-value pharmaceutical raw materials.

Authorities say the accused, identified as Himmat Singh Lodha, is believed to have defrauded multiple pharmaceutical companies in Delhi of goods worth approximately ₹98 lakh before disappearing and remaining underground for years.

Fake Business Deals and Dishonoured Cheques Used in Fraud

Investigators claim the accused posed as a legitimate pharmaceutical trader and placed bulk orders for expensive drug ingredients, offering post-dated cheques as payment security.

In one documented case from 2013, he allegedly obtained around 550 kilograms of Gliclazide, a diabetes-related pharmaceutical ingredient, valued at over ₹26 lakh. When suppliers attempted to encash the cheques, they were reportedly returned with the remark “account closed.”

Following the transaction, the accused allegedly vacated his office and rented residence and disappeared without settling payments. He was later declared a proclaimed offender in 2016 after repeatedly failing to appear before court proceedings. Authorities had also issued a reward for information leading to his arrest.

Multiple Identities and Repeated Fraud Pattern

Police investigations further link the accused to another cheating case dating back to 2012, where he allegedly used a fake identity, “Kailash Jain,” to obtain a large consignment of Ambroxol HCL, a pharmaceutical compound used in cough medications. The value of that consignment was estimated at around ₹72 lakh.

Officials believe the accused followed a consistent modus operandi—posing as a credible businessman, securing high-value goods on deferred payment terms, and then disappearing after delivery while shutting down business operations.

Investigators suspect that forged business records, fake company credentials, and fabricated financial histories were used to build trust with suppliers and gain access to expensive raw materials.

Multi-State Surveillance Leads to Arrest in Surat

A special Crime Branch team tracked the accused through coordinated surveillance efforts across multiple cities, including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Surat. After nearly a month of technical monitoring and intelligence gathering, officials located and arrested him from a residential area in Surat.

Authorities also revealed that the accused had been involved in property-related activities while staying under the radar to avoid detection.

Growing Threat of Corporate Identity Fraud

The case highlights a rising trend of organised financial fraud targeting industries that rely heavily on trust-based transactions and deferred payments. Experts note that criminals increasingly exploit gaps in corporate verification systems by using fake GST registrations, temporary offices, and forged documentation to appear legitimate.

Cybercrime and financial fraud specialists warn that such schemes are becoming more complex with the widespread availability of digital business tools, making it easier to create convincing but fraudulent corporate identities.

Experts Urge Stronger Due Diligence in High-Value Transactions

Experts, including former IPS officer and cybercrime specialist Prof. Triveni Singh, emphasize the need for stricter verification procedures in commercial dealings. He noted that relying solely on paperwork or digital business profiles can expose companies to significant financial risk.

Authorities and industry experts recommend physical verification of business operations, bank account validation, and detailed background checks before engaging in high-value or deferred-payment transactions—particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, where single consignments can involve transactions worth crores.

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EU Pressure Builds on Google as Regulators Face Calls for Massive Fine Over Search Practices

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A growing coalition of European industry groups is intensifying pressure on regulators to take decisive action against Google over allegations of unfair search practices that could reshape competition rules across the region’s digital economy.

Investigation Under Digital Markets Act Gains Momentum

The case is being examined by the European Commission under the European Union’s landmark Digital Markets Act (DMA), introduced to curb the dominance of major technology platforms and ensure fair competition.

Launched in March 2024, the investigation focuses on whether Google has been prioritising its own services in search results, potentially disadvantaging rival businesses that rely on online visibility to reach customers.

Industry Groups Demand Swift Action

Several prominent European organizations have jointly urged regulators to conclude the probe without further delay. They argue that prolonged investigations allow alleged anti-competitive practices to continue, putting European companies—especially startups—at a disadvantage.

Signatories include the European Publishers Council, the European Magazine Media Association, the European Tech Alliance, and EU Travel Tech.

In a joint statement, these groups warned that delays in enforcement are affecting innovation, profitability, and growth prospects for regional businesses competing in digital markets.

Google Denies Allegations

Google has rejected claims of bias, stating that its search algorithms are designed to deliver the most relevant and useful results to users. The company has also proposed adjustments to address regulatory concerns.

However, critics argue that these changes are insufficient and fail to address the core issue of market dominance.

Potential Billion-Euro Penalties

If found in violation of the DMA, Google could face significant financial penalties. Under EU rules, fines can reach a substantial percentage of a company’s global turnover, potentially amounting to billions of euros.

Regulators may also impose corrective measures requiring changes to business practices, which could have long-term implications for how digital platforms operate in Europe.

Wider Implications for Big Tech

The case highlights ongoing tensions between European regulators and major U.S. technology firms. In recent years, the EU has taken a more aggressive stance in enforcing competition laws, aiming to create a level playing field for local businesses.

A final ruling against Google could set a major precedent, influencing future enforcement actions and shaping the regulatory landscape for global tech companies operating within Europe.

As scrutiny intensifies, the outcome of the investigation is expected to play a critical role in defining the future of digital competition across the European Union.

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